These 3 species have recently been transferred to the new genusAggregatibacter within the family Pasteurellaceae (45). Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a small, fastidious, non-motile, non-encapsulated, slow-growing, capnophilic, Gram-negative cocco-bacillus. Other infections in which A. actinomycetemcomitans has been implicated, and usually isolated in pure culture, include: brain abscess (55, 63, 75), cavernous sinus infection (64), endophthalmitis (5, 28, 57), lymphadenitis (24), septic arthritis (13, 40), osteomyelitis (1, 29, 42), tenosynovitis (7), pacemaker infection (67), pericarditis (26,75), pneumonia (41, 69, 74, 75), empyema, chest wall and subphrenic collections (8, 9), septicemia during pregnancy (58) and urinary tract infection (29). 1991;6: 12–16. Indifference or additive effects were seen with rifampicin plus penicillin against 4 of 12 isolates, with rifampicin plus ceftriaxone against 9 of 12 isolates and with rifampicin plus cephapirin against all 12 isolates (73). Most importantly, this bacteria has been associated with Grade C periodontitis. 44. The mean duration of symptoms before hospital admission was 13 weeks (range 2 days to 60 weeks) for the 72 patients for whom this information was available. Cefotaxime (range MIC 0.2-0.5µg/mL), cefoxitin (0.2-4µg/mL), trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (0.08/5-1.6/100µg/mL) and erythromycin (0.12-4µg/mL) showed lesser degrees of bactericidal activity. Resistance profile survey of 50 periodontal strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Clin Pathol 1964;17:511-512. [PubMed]Â, 39. Rupp ME, Ulphani JS, Fey PD, Bartscht K, Mack D (1999) Characterization of the importance of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin/hemagglutinin of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the pathogenesis of biomaterial-based infection in a mouse foreign body infection model. The extracellular polymeric substance has been attributed to a protective role as well as it is a source of dissolved nutrients, secreted enzymes, extracellular DNA and exopolysaccharide. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10:922-929. [PubMed], 24. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:532-542. [PubMed], 5. The proportion of patients who underwent surgical therapy was similar, regardless of the infecting organism (14). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Whether these agents are effective in preventing A. actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis has not been evaluated in animal experimental models. Paju S, Carlson P, Jousimies-Somer H, Asikainen S. Heterogeneity of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains in various human infections and relationships between serotype, genotype and antimicrobial susceptibility. These agents confer colonization by lessening ecological pressures. Periodontal disease is not caused by a single pathogen, but A. actinomycetemcomitans appears to have an important contributory role (60). J Clin Periodontal 1997;24:538-543.  [PubMed], 69. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1951;28:27-35. [PubMed], 66. Int J Syst Bacteriol 2006;56:2135-2146. [PubMed], 46. Bacterial adhesion, which facilitates colonization is the key virulent mechanism. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1998;1871-1887. In 1951 it was reported as the sole pathogen in a human case of "lumpy jaw" (65). (µg/mL) (46). White PA, Wilson M, Nair SP, Kirby AC, Reddi K, Henderson B. doi: 10.1038/ nature12155 PMID: 23657259, Rupp ME, Fey PD (2001) In vivo models to evaluate adhesion and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis. CLSI document M47-A. Kugler KC, Biedenbach DJ, Jones RN. Antagonism was seen as often as synergy when rifampicin was combined with penicillin, but was not seen in combination with cephalosporins (cephapirin or ceftriaxone). Eng RH, Smith SM, Goldstein EJC, Miyasaki KT, Quah SE, Buccini F. Failure of vancomycin prophylaxis and treatment for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis. measured MICs using E-tests placed onto Brucella Blood agar swabbed with a 1.0 McFarland standard suspension of organism and incubated in 5% CO2 for 48 hours (32). Several It has subsequently been confirmed as present in at least 30% of actinomycotic lesions (29). Berbari EF, Cockerill FR, Steckelberg JM. 62. A similar protective function was ascribed to the exopolysaccharide PIA of S. epidermidis [5]. Lally ET, Kieba IR, Sato A, et al. 32. Complications, most commonly emboli or congestive heart failure, were reported in 49 (63%) of 78 cases and 18 patients died as a result of endocarditis. APMIS 2005;113:225-228. [PubMed], 64. nov. and Aggregatibacter segnis comb. J Periodontal 1999:70:888-892. [PubMed], 35. J Hand Surg 1987;12:294-5. [PubMed]Â, 8. PGA may act through a general mechanism wherein it binds to or electrostatically repulses immune modulators and antimicrobial agents, thereby preventing their access to the bacterial cell [5]. 1992;7:24–27. Strong evidence is available on the role of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) as the causative agent of localised juvenile periodontitis (LJP), a disease characterised by rapid destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. PMID: 11398400. Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Bolger AF, Bayer A, Ferrieri P, Gewitz MH, Shulman ST, Nouri S, Newburger JW, Hutto C, Pallasch TJ, Gage TW, Levison ME, Peter G, Zuccaro G Jr. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Torrungruang K(1), Jitpakdeebordin S(2), Charatkulangkun O(3), Gleebbua Y(4). Broth microdilution MICs were obtained using an inoculum of 5x104 CFU in trypticase soy broth with 0.1%NaHCO3 (supplemented with yeast extract and hemin (34)) incubated for 24 hours in 10% CO2 (73) or in air (34). Thoracic actinomycosis complicated by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: case report and review of literature. The present studies examined Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and its role in localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP). Infection due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus. showed that rifampicin and ceftriaxone shared the lowest MIC90 value (1.6µg/mL) for 24 clinical isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans (73). Among children below the age of 11, A. actinomycetemcomitans has been isolated from 0-26% of periodontally healthy children and 40-100% of patients with prepubertal periodontitis or other types of early-onset periodontitis. A. actinomycetemcomitans has been isolated from 75-100% of the lesions of localized juvenile periodontitis. This leukotoxin is encoded by an operon belonging to the core genome of this bacterial species. MBC values were four times the MIC in the case of the Ã-lactam antibiotics, twice the MIC in the case of chloramphenicol and sixteen times the MIC in the case of tetracycline (26). J Dent Res. They therefore tested combinations of rifampicin with various Ã-lactam antibiotics. 1990) A.actinomycetemcomitans is small, nonmotile, gram- negative, saccharolytic, capnophilic, round-ended rod (Haffajee and Socransky 1994). Renton TF, Danks J, Rosenfeld JV. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980;18:9-12. A review of 45 cases of endocarditis caused by HACEK bacilli, including 33 native valve infections and 9 cases of A. actinomycetemcomitans, found the mean time until detection of growth in blood cultures was 3.4 days (range 1-10 days) (13). The inappropriateness of vancomycin or erythromycin as treatment or prophylaxis for endocarditis due to A. actinomycetemcomitans has been emphasized by a report of endocarditis developing in a patient with penicillin allergy who was given prophylaxis with both vancomycin and erythromycin. Unfortunately, vancomycin (2G per day) was also chosen as empirical treatment. Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 5th edition. AA is a species of rod-shaped bacteria with several virulent factors, meaning that the bacteria have characteristics that can harm your dental health, as an article in the Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research (JCDR) describes. Zijlstra EE, Swart GR, Godfroy FJM, Degener JE. What Is Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans? Yogev R, Shulman D, Shulman ST, Glogowski WG. It has been well documented that biofilm bacteria predominate, numerically and metabolically, in virtually all nutrient-sufficient ecosystems, including the oral cavity [1,2]. Potts TV, Berry EM. A wide variety of infections due to A. actinomycetemcomitans are reported in the literature, including endophthalmitis (5, 28, 57 ), cerebral abscess (55, 63, 75), septicemia during pregnancy (58), pulmonary and chest wall infection (8, 41, 69, 74), pericarditis (26, 75), septic arthritis (14, 40), vertebral osteomyelitis (29, 42) and chronic lymphadenitis (24). Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is also encountered in its traditional role as a companion to Actinomyces in actinomycosis (33, 41, 66, 75). Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to A. actinomycetemcomitans was first described in 1972 (61). It has been suggested that the transferrin andd integrin receptors are involved in the adhesion of the bacteria to host cells, A actinomycetemcomitans is a highly non motile gram negative coccobacillus with a vast array of potential virulence factors and mechanisms. A. Actinomycetemcomitans penetrate and survive within eukaryotic cells. Grace CJ, Levitz RE, Katz-Pollack H, Brettman LR. Infect Immun. Endarteritis and mycotic aortic aneurysm caused by an oral strain of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Pavicic et al. [PubMed], 70.Westling K, Vondracek M. Actinobacillus (Aggregatibacter) actinomycetemcomitans (HACEK) identified by PCR/16S rRNA sequence analysis from the heart valve in a patient with blood culture negative endocarditis. 54. In addition, a recent study of Ps1, the exopolysaccharide of P. aeruginosa, has demonstrated that it also determines the fate of elite cells in the initial microcolony development [8]. W e report on the microbiological and clinical effects of mechanical debridement in combination with metronidazole plus amoxicillin therapy in 118 patients with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans‐associated periodontitis. Methods for antimicrobial dilution and disk susceptibility testing of infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria; Approved guideline. Brouqui P, Raoult D. Endocarditis due to rare and fastidious bacteria. A cell stress protein, chaperonin 60 is considered to be a potent bone degrading molecule by stimulating bone resorption by acting as an osteoclast ‘growth factor’. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1996;24:141-143. [PubMed], 17. One cell cycle-modulatory protein with immunosuppressive function that has recently been identified as being produced by A. actinomycetemcomitans is cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) Fc binding protein terme as Omp34 identical with OmpA of E. coli, a protein implicated in the virulence of this organism is another immunomodulatory virulence factor of A. actinomycemcomitans. Nature 497: 388–391. 1995;63:2612–18. The importance of PGA in a protective role for A. actinomycetemcomitans and other bacteria has been well established [4]. Clin Microbiol Infect 2000;6:55-56. [PubMed], 57. Schmidt ME, Smith MA, Levy CS. Respir Med 1992;86:341-343.  [PubMed], 67. van Winkelhoff AJ, Overbeek BP, Pavicic MJAMP, van den Bergh JPA, Ernst JPMG, de Graaff J. Long-standing bacteremia caused by oral Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in a patient with a pacemaker. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986;29:699-700. [PubMed], 21. Authors: Susan L Taylor, MBChB, FRCPA,  Selwyn D R Lang, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPA. They are proteinaceous structures found on cell surfaces. Perturbation of mitochondrial structure and function plays a central role in Actinobacillusactinomycetemcomitansleukotoxin- induced apoptosis. 1999; 7: 356–61. Vaccines are not available for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Tobias S, Lee JH, Tomford JW. Petti CA, Bhally HS, Weinstein MP, Joho K, Wakefield T, Reller LB, Carroll KC. Kaplan AH, Weber DJ, Oddone EZ, Perfect JR. Cuende E, de Pablos M, Gomez M, Burgaleta S, Michaus L, Vesga JC. MicrobPathog. Pavcic MJAMP, van Winkelhoff AJ, de Graaff J. Geraci JE, Wilson WR. determined both MICs and MBCs of tetracyclines, macrolides, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones and metronidazole for 11 isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans (39). In addition to valvular endocarditis, A. actinomycetemcomitans endarteritis has occurred in adults with previously undiagnosed aortic coarctation (27, 36) and infection of a left atrial myxoma is described (35). The interaction between RTX toxins and target cells. Ishak MA, Zablit KV, Dumas J. Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Biomed Pharmacol J 2015;8(October Spl Edition). Comparative activities of cefuroxime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and ofloxacin against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria isolated from bite wounds. 2000;29:267–78. The apoptosis of the target cells in response to A.actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin is by a mechanism involving mitochondrial perturbation [19]. determined values of penicillin G, ampicillin, cefazolin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol for an isolate from a patient with pericarditis. A. actinomycetemcomitans has also been reported to produce a low molecular mass inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis to FMLP. Chen PB, Davern LB, Neiders ME, Reynolds HS, Zambon JJ. Abstract T en systemically healthy subjects (ages 28 to 60 years) with untreated moderate to severe periodontal disease and evidence of presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans underwent standard mechanical periodontal treatment consisting of oral hygiene instruction and … The most actively studied gene product of the organism is a leukotoxin and a member of the RTX (repeats in toxin) family whose cellular receptor is the integrin, LFA-1, thus accounting for its selective effect on leucocytes (although only those from primates) [13-15]. It can ferment carbohydrates including glucose, fructose, maltose and mannose, and variably xylose, and mannitol. Cerebral abscess complicating dental treatment. Infect Immun 67: 2656–2659. Pierce CS, Bartholomew WR, Amsterdam D, Neter E, Zambon JJ. In liquid media the organism tends to grow in small granules adhering to the walls of the bottle (30) and this property is behind the name of the new genus Aggregatibacter (45). It has also been proposed that A.actinomycetemcomitans can produce super antigens, which have the ability to bring about T cell apoptosis by binding to T cell receptors [22,23]. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans prosthetic valve endocarditis. Chuba PJ, Bock R, Graf G, Adam T, Gobel U. ABSTRACT. Pericarditis caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans septicemia during pregnancy (letter). However, the number of cases diagnosed using continuous-monitoring blood culture systems was not recorded. Aust Dent J 1996;41:12-15. [PubMed], 56. Periodontology 2000, 1999;20:82-121. [PubMed], 61. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2459-2474. A wide variety of treatments have been used, generally successfully. Vet Microbiol. Zadeh HH, Nalbant A, Park K. Large-scale early in vitro response to Actinobacillusactinomycetemcomitanssuggestssuperantigenic activation of T-cells. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; eleventh informational supplement. examined killing kinetics for 20 isolates following a case of endocarditis which developed despite vancomycin and erythromycin prophylaxis. Initially smooth, domed and translucent they become corrugated, star-shaped, adherent and may pit the agar. Scaling and root planning alone was unable to remove A. actinomycetemcomitans from localized juvenile periodontitis lesions. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;34:73-76. [PubMed], 33. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans possess fimbriae, vesicles and extracellular amorphous materials. This organism possesses a large number of virulence factors with a wide range of activities which enable it to colonise the oral cavity, invade periodontal tissues, evade host defences, initiate connective tissue destruction and interfere with tissue repair. A. actinomycetemcomitans produces a 65-kDa macromolecule able to bind to the IL-10 receptor and henceforth can modulate monocyte/macrophage function as IL- 10 is considered to be a major macrophage de-activating cytokine. This affirms to the possibility that the bacterium itself is toxic to the target cells. J Infect Dis 1987;155:152-153. [PubMed], 27. 1997; 272:30463–69. In this study, 403 subjects from four study groups were examined for A actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival dental plaque. Yuan A, Yang P-C, Lee L-N, Chang D-B, Kuo S-H, Luh K-T. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans pneumonia with chest wall involvement and rib destruction. The extent to which these variables may influence the MIC for A. actinomycetemcomitans is not known, however, there was no difference observed in agar dilution MICs of cefixime and ciprofloxacin between incubation anaerobically or in 5% CO2 for 50 isolates (50). This is an advantage for the bacterium. King and Tatum (30) identified two biochemical groups, the one fermenting mannitol but not xylose and the other xylose but not mannitol. 2002; 32:1–13. Ofloxacin 200mg tid (tds) was prescribed for 5 weeks. It reduces nitrates to nitrites and is ONPG, urease and indole negative. studied various antimicrobials in combination with either metronidazole or its hydroxymetabolite against five A. actinomycetemcomitans strains (50). Mitchell RG, Gillespie WA. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen associated with rapidly progressing periodontitis and with extra-oral diseases, such as endocarditis [1–3]. nov., and emended description of Aggregatibacter aphrophilus to include V factor-dependent and V factor-independent isolates. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Neurosurgery 2002;51:807-810. Martin MC, Andres MT, Fierro JF, Mendez FJ. Various studies have associated Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, formerly known as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, with aggressive periodontitis. Prosthetic valve endocarditis and paravalvular abscess caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans [Letter]. Sailler L, Marchou B, Lemozy J, Bonnet E, Elias Z, Cuzin L, Massip P. Successful treatment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis with ofloxacin. Studies have suggested that A. actinomycetemcomitans is involved in the aetiology of aggressive periodontitis as well as in chronic periodontitis. Localized juvenile periodontitis is one manifestation of the spectrum of early onset periodontitis in which severe periodontal attachment loss occurs in children, adolescents and young adults. Metronidazole appeared to have bactericidal activity, but both MICs and MBCs were high (MIC50 = MBC50 = 64µg/mL). MicrobPathog 43: 1–9. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is typically catalase positive and oxidase negative although occasional strains produce oxidase. KuritaiOchiai T, Ochiai K, Ikeda T. Immunosuppressive effects induced by Actinobacillusactinomycetemcomitans: Effect on immunoglobulin production and lymphokine synthesis. 4. Still, a lot is still to be understood and established. Evidence for apoptosis of the majority of T cells activated in vitro with Actinobacillusactinomycetemcomitans. A ctinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram‐negative oral bacterium which has been implicated in the etiology of localized juvenile periodontitis. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:1077-1078. [PubMed], 25 Hoffler U, Niederau W, Pulverer G. Susceptibility of Bacterium actinomycetem comitans to 45 antibiotics. JAMA 1997;277:1794-1801. [PubMed], 16. Doern GV, Davaro R, George M, Campogne P. Lack of requirement for prolonged incubation of Septi-Chek blood culture bottles in patients with bacteremia due to fastidious organsims. It has been affirmed that many bacteria have the ability to invade host cells and A. actinomycetemcomitans is one among them. They bind with specific receptors in the saliva, tooth, extra cellular matrix and epithelial cells. Retrospective reviews of two extended incubation protocols using continuous-monitoring blood culture systems found that HACEK bacteria were not isolated beyond the routine 5 to 6.5 day incubation periods for the 407 and 215 blood cultures where extended incubation was physician requested (3, 51). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998;17:104-107. [PubMed], 37. Rare Actinobacillus infection of the cavernous sinus causing painful ophthalmoplegia: case report. Utility of extended blood culture incubation for isolation of Haemophilus, Actinobacilus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella and Kingella organisms: a retrospective multicenter evaluation. Steinberg JP, Del Rio C. Other Gram-negative bacilli. The hyperleukotoxin-producing A. actinomycetemcomitans strain demonstrates up-regulation of attachment genes, permitting it to attach better than the wild-type strain in competition with commensal bacteria for space on tooth surfaces. Dental surgery may be indicated for cases of periodontitis. In dentistry, the emphasis is on the involvement of A. actinomycetemcomitans in the pathogenesis of localized juvenile periodontitis and acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (60). LPS is reported to stimulate bone resorption in vitro and in vivo.
Electron immunocytochemical localization of Actinobacillusactinomycetemcomitansleukotoxin. Oral MicrobiolImmunol. It was then followed by medium with trypticase soy agar, serum with bacitracin and vancomycin (TSBV). Chao CL, Chang SC, Sheu JC, Luh KT. Periodontitis; Leukotoxin; Lipopolysaccharide, Ragavendran R, Ramya V, Paddmanabhan P. Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans – Its Role in Periodontitis. However, that isolate fermented lactose and sucrose and was more likely to be Aggregatibacter aphrophilus (30). Nalbant A, Zadeh HH. In vitro activity of antibiotics alone and in combination against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. PMID: 11018133, Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP (1999) Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Orthopedics 1998;21:714-716.[PubMed]. This study was aimed at elucidating the occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in a Brazilian population with chronic periodontitis. They occur in specific intracellular locations like the epithelial wall, enlarged intracellular pocket spaces and the epithelial side of basal lamina in connective tissue and alveolar bone. Horowitz EA, Pugsley MP, Turbes PG, Clark RB. A well-documented case of native valve endocarditis due to A. actinomycetemcomitans was reported in 1964 (38), and a subsequent review considered that 23 of 25 patients with A. actinomycetemcomitans bacteraemia had good evidence for the diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis (46). Strains with fimbriae adhere three to four folds better. found synergy in vitro between rifampicin and both penicillin and ceftriaxone, but not consistently and the combination of rifampicin and penicillin was just as commonly antagonistic (73). In contrast, MBCs of tetracycline, minocycline, erythromycin and clindamycin were several times their MICs. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia isolated from periodontitis patients to amoxicillin, metronidazole, azithromycin and moxifloxacin. [25] Bacterial components involved in Adhesion are called adhesins. Infective endocarditis due to unusual or fastidious microorgansims. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:216-218. [PubMed], 68. van Winkelhoff AJ, Winkel EG, Barendregt D, Dellemijn-Kippuw N, Stijne A, van der Velden U. Ã-lactamase producing bacteria in adult periodontitis. But it is considered to be a less significant cytokine inducer than the secreted protein. Bacterial endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in a patient with a prosthetic aortic valve. Venkataramani A, Santo-Domingo NE, Main DM. (2008) Both leukotoxin and poly-Nacetylglucosamine surface polysaccharide protect Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans cells from macrophage killing. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was first identified as a possible periodontal pathogen in 1975 in studies of localized juvenile periodontitis, now known as localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) (36, 43). In their review of the literature they found only two reports of A. actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis that included synergy studies. Tyrrell J, Noone P, Prichard JS. However, DNA homology and 16S rRNA sequencing studies have demonstrated a close relationship to Haemophilus aphrophilus and Haemophilus segnis (10, 54). It has subsequently been confirmed as present in at least 30% of actinomycotic lesions (29). Key tests for discrimination between A. actinomycetemcomitans and V-factor independent strains of Aggregatibacter aphrophilus are catalase, ONPG and fermentation of lactose, sucrose and trehalose (45). Goldstein EJ, Citron DM. Piccolomini R, Catamo G, di Bonaventura G. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal in vitro activities of clarithromycin and erythromycin against periodontopathic Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Comparison of 16S rRNA sequences from the family Pasteurellaceae: phlyogenetic relatedness by cluster analysis. The aortic valve was the most commonly affected site (38/75; 50.7%) and in 10 cases vegetations were present on multiple valves. 45. For decades, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitanshas been associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis in adolescents. It has been demonstrated in various studies that it plays a very important role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. It is also suspected to be involved in chronic periodontitis. The greatest reduction in colony-forming units (minus 4 logs) after 24 hours incubation in an antibiotic concentration four times the MIC was seen with penicillin (range MIC 0.02-4µg/mL), gentamicin (0.1-10µg/mL) and ciprofloxacin (0.001-0.5µg/mL). Nerad JL, Seville MT, Snydman DR. Miscellaneous Gram-negative bacilli: Acinetobacter, Cardiobacterium, Actinobacillus, Chromobacterium, Capnocytopaga, and others. Miyake et al. Horowitz et al. Molina F, Echániz A, Durán MT, Diz-Lois F. Infectious arthritis of the knee due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans [Letter]. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:450-452. 3. Susceptibility to penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, and piperacillin is more variable (Table 1). Slots J, Ting M. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in human periodontal disease: occurrence and treatment. Eick S, Pfister W, Straube E. Antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic and capnophilic bacteria isolated from odontogenic abscesses and rapidly progressive periodontitis. Aust NZ J Med. California Medicine 1972;117:59-63. [PubMed]. Oral MicrobiolImmunol. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that diabetes aggravates periodontal destruction induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection. Transdiaphragmatic Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans infection; case report. Formerly classified as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, this species was subsequently named Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans, and is now known as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Leukotoxins of gramnegative bacteria. PMID: 14764110 6. A. actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) was first reported by Klinger in 1912 where he described a previously unknown Gram-negative microorganism that was found in actinomycotic lesions associated with Actinomyces, hence the latin word “comitans” in co… Although rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, scientists have long suspected that bacterial infections (and in particular, periodontal infections) may play a role in its pathogenesis. The mean time until detection of growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans in blood cultures was 5.5 days (range 2 - 9 days) in a review of 12 cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) (23) and 4.4 days (range 3-7 days) in a series of 5 PVE (18). Durã¡N MT, Fierro JF, Mendez FJ demonstrated in vivo always the same or, at most twofold... Of this bacterial species, Lampe H. Recurrent cervical and submandibular lymphadenitis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans [ Letter.... Are enriched in leukotoxin, Chandrashekar SC, Connell ND, et al pga/pia mediates resistance killing. Hours for 8 weeks Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans cells from macrophage killing thus recovery of A. actinomycetemcomitans and members. 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