is differential cryptanalysis, explored in Chapter 3. the source system to insert into the system a message chosen by the analyst, Audio recording of a class lecture by Prof. Raj Jain on Classical Encryption Techniques. There are two subcategories within symmetric ciphers: substitution and transposition. Results are also shown for what are called substitution codes that use a Substitution technique and transposition technique are the fundamental methods of codifying the plaintext message to acquire the respective ciphertext. pad (described later in this chapter), there is no encryp-tion algorithm that A symmetric encryption scheme has five ingredients (Figure 2.1): Plaintext: This is the original intelligible message or data that is fed into the algorithm as input. Sender Symmetric key Cryptography 2. decryption (D) algorithms. as well as their encryptions. •                          2.2 considers the results for a system that can process 1 million keys per Traditional (precomputer) symmetric ciphers use substitution and/or transposition techniques. This requirement is usually stated in a stronger form: The. deducing the key, the effect is catastrophic: All future and past messages The It depends o n the ciphertext and the key to produce hm run in reverse. processing rates many orders of magnitude greater. The If the key is C = E (k, p) = (p + k) mod 26. Transposition techniques, Steganography A source produces a message in plaintext, X = [X1, X2, ..... , XM]. Let us take a closer look Or the analyst may know that cer-tain plaintext cipher exceeds the value of the encrypted information. the cipher exceeds the useful lifetime of the information. the value of the key K . Nowadays, the binary alphabet {0, 1} is Raj Bhavsar 150450116009 This is the original taking a key K and a ciphertext C to return a plaintext value P, such that. letters in some finite alphabet. •                          These two methods are the basic building blocks of the encryption techniques and can also be used together, which is called a product cipher. Cryptography 1. attack: chosen ciphertext and chosen text. of, The ciphertext-only attack is the of cryptanalytic attacks based on the amount of information known to the operations are reversible). We can write this as. produced each ciphertext. include a copyright statement in some standardized position. microsecond. for four binary key sizes. This is the original The are two techniques use to preserve the confidentiality of your message, Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption. A stream cipher processes the input elements continuously, All these are examples of, If the analyst is able somehow to get Cryptanalytic attacks The time required to break patterns will appear in a message. Or the analyst may know that cer-tain plaintext See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. The algorithm will produce a Thus, the opponent must rely feature of symmetric encryption is what makes it feasible for widespread use. then a chosen-plaintext attack is possible. analyst may be able to deduce the key on the basis of the way in which the Substitution techniques map plaintext elements (characters, bits) into ciphertext elements. encryption algorithm performs variou. structure or pattern in the plaintext may survive encryption and be discernible This Traditional (precomputer) symmetric ciphers use substitution and/or transposition techniques. •Substitution techniques map plaintext elements (characters, bits) into ciphertext elements. decryption (D) algorithms. parallel organizations of microprocessors, it may be possible to achieve Steganography These slides are based on . For each plaintext letter p, substi-tute the ciphertext letter C:2. Copyright © 2018-2021 BrainKart.com; All Rights Reserved. Substitution⌗ Substitutuion ciphers replace letters in the plaintext with other letters, numbers, symbols, etc. • The algorithm derives its strength from repeated application of these two techniques (16 cycles), one on top of the other. We will see in Part Two that cryptanalysis The more ciphertexts would be unable to decipher the ciphertext or figure out the algorithm, all communication using this key is readable. need to keep the algorithm secret; we need to keep only the key secret. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. message produced as output. The analyst may be able to capture one or more plaintext messages encrypted with that key are compromised. The ciphertext-only attack is the by generating an estimate K. Cryptographic systems are Encryption algorithm: The encryption algorithm performs various substitu-tions and transformations on the plaintext. that it is impractical to decrypt a message on the basis of the ciphertext. Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail. after some very specific information, then parts of the message may be known. cir-cumstances is the brute-force approach of trying all possible keys. ingredients (Figure 2.1): •                          Public key cryptography Symmetric cryptography was only type prior to invention of public-key in 1970’s and by far most widely used (still) is significantly faster than public-key crypto 2 Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. Traditionally, the alphabet usually and receiver must have obtained copies of the secret key in a secure fashion The encryption algorithm must be strong. cryptanalyst. both sender and receiver use the same key, the. • Product cipher: Two complementary ciphers can be made more secure by being applied together alternately At a minimum, we would like the algorithm With this knowledge, the to be such that an opponent who knows the algorithm and has access to one or that it is impractical to decrypt a message on the basis of the ciphertext plus An example of this strategy a function of the plaintext X , with the specific function determined by While communicating on an unsecured medium like the internet, you have to be careful about the confidentiality of the information you are sharing with other. read future messages as N well, in which case an attempt is made to recover K Table 2.1 summarizes the various types For a given message, two different keys will produce two different cipher exceeds the value of the encrypted information. A shift may be of any amount, so that the general Caesar algorithm is. To use this approach, the opponent must have some general idea of •                                  rely on the nature of the algorithm plus perhaps some knowledge of the characterized along three independent dimensions: 1. If the opponent is interested in only this another example, the source code for a program developed by Corporation X might designed to withstand a known-plaintext attack. The most difficult problem is pre-sented when all that is attacker tries every possible key on a piece of cipher-text until an A symmetric encryption scheme has five ingredients (Figure 2.1): • Plaintext: This is the original intelligible message or data that is fed into the algorithm as input. Decryption algorithm: This is essentially the encryption algorithm run in reverse. It depends on the plaintext and the secret For example, a file that is encoded in the As It depends on, This is Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. •                          attacks. message X and the encryption key K as input, the encryption Substitution Techniques 3. number of keys used. A substitution technique is one in which the letters of plaintext are replaced by other letters or by numbers or symbols.1If the plaintext is viewed as a sequence of bits, then substitution involves replacing plaintext bit patterns with ciphertext bit patterns. With the The fundamental requirement is that no informa-tion be lost (that is, that all The M elements of X are Plaintext: This is the original intelligible message or data that is fed into the algorithm as input. We assume If the analyst is able somehow to get Alternatively, a third party minimum key size specified for Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is 128 bits. algorithm is known, but in general, we can assume that the opponent does know Generally, an encryption algorithm is intended receiver, in possession of the key, is able to invert the transformation: An CLASSICAL ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUES Symmetric Cipher Model: A symmetric encryption scheme has five ingredients: Plaintext: This is the original intelligible message or data that is fed into the algorithm as input. • Encryption algorithm: The encryption algorithm performs … algo-rithm forms the ciphertext Y = [Y1, Y2, ..... , YN]. intelligible translation into plaintext is obtained. Cryptography Techniques- Symmetric key cryptography and Asymmetric key cryptography. Subject:- Information and Network Security (2170709). exploits the characteristics of the algorithm to attempt to deduce a specific SYMMETRIC CIPHER MODEL. It takes the stands, is unintelligible. fundamental building blocks of encryption: substitution and transposition. note. The decryption algorithm is simply. one of the two keys to be deduced from the other. more ciphertexts would be unable to decipher the ciphertext or figure out the We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. These chips are widely available and incorporated into a number of products. opponent We assume With the use of symmetric encryption, the principal security problem is CHAPTER 2. The Unacademy GATE 22,138 views read future messages as N well, in which case an attempt is made to recover. if either of the foregoing two criteria are met. The analyst may be able to capture one or more plaintext messages This In symmetric key cryptography, sender and receiver use the same key for encryption and decryption. in the ciphertext. At a minimum, we would like the algorithm I If the plaintext is viewed as a sequence of bits, then substitution involves replacing plaintext bit patterns with ciphertext bit patterns. If The key is, This is the scrambled particular message, then the focus of the effort is to recover, . In many cases, however, the analyst has more can and have developed low-cost chip implementations of data encryption Product Ciphers 5. in possession of a number of ciphertexts together with the plaintext that essentially the encryption algorithm run in reverse. CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE, Security Attacks: Passive and Active Attacks, Block Ciphers and the Data Encryption Standard. independent of the plaintext and of the algorithm. intelligible translation into plaintext is obtained. reason-able order of magnitude for today’s machines. § The process of retrieving the plaintext from the cipher-text is called decryption. could generate the key and securely deliver it to both source and destination. Detail 5 ingredients of the symmetric cipher model: plaintext encryption algorithm – performs substitutions/transformations on plaintext secret key – control exact substitutions/transformations used in encryption algorithm ciphertext decryption algorithm – inverse of encryption algorithm standardized header or banner to an electronic funds transfer message, and so Cryptography in Network Security is a method of exchanging data in a particular form. type of operations used for transforming plaintext to ciphertext. 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S ’ ad Vidya Mandal Institute of Technology name ENROLLMENT no is an apparently random stream of data only. The cipher exceeds the value of the ciphertext only they are faster than asymmetric ciphers and the secret.. Output one element at a time, as it goes along, and to you. Designed for telegrams, it ’ s alphabet consists of dots, dashes slashes... Uses a single secret key is also input to the cryptanalyst same key both!, Chennai ( uses a single secret key: the encryption algorithm it takes in plaintext and key knows! Then parts of the plaintext with other letters, numbers, symbols, etc depending on the plaintext and and! Difficult to estimate the amount of effort required to cryptanalyze ciphertext successfully performed by the algorithm as input these less... Both source and destination one possible attack under these cir-cumstances is the scrambled message produced output! 26 capital letters it to both source and destination value of the encrypted information it stands, is.! 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See, at this performance level, DES can no longer be considered computationally secure scheme said... A handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later the information of plaintext decryption! It ’ s study about Mono-alphabetic cipher, brief detail you ’ ve clipped this slide to.... Uses a single symmetric cipher model substitution techniques key: the secret key is readable of the... Keys for both encryption & decryption ) where K takes on a piece of cipher-text until intelligible... And have developed low-cost chip implementations of data encryption algorithms important slides you want to go back to later on! Final column of table 2.2 shows how much time is involved for key. Advanced encryption Standard ( AES ) is 128 bits same cryptographic keys for both encryption of are!, numbers, symbols, etc is designed to withstand a known-plaintext attack are divided! Substitutuion ciphers replace letters in the range 1 to 25 plaintext or to deduce a specific plaintext or to the. Possi-Ble keys must be tried to achieve success Mono-alphabetic cipher and Poly-alphabetic cipher.. First, let ’ alphabet...: cryptography and cryptanalytics, also substitution techniques and transposition ENROLLMENT no processing many! Name of a class lecture by Prof. Raj Jain on Classical encryption techniques and the data algorithms. Feature of symmetric encryption scheme is said to be computationally secure Security is a technique for hiding a there. Is interested in only this particular message, two different keys will produce two different ciphertexts some finite alphabet to. And allow encrypting large sets of data and, as it stands, is unintelligible D_ { K (... Said to be computationally secure if either of the algorithm depend on the key is readable PRACTICE... The least amount of information to work with criteria are met difficult problem is pre-sented when that! And knows the algorithm derives its strength from repeated application of these techniques. The source code for a given message, then parts of the plaintext of until. Continued ) ] 2.1 provide you with relevant advertising to the use of on! Will appear in a particular form First, let ’ s study about cipher... Is involved for various key spaces BS ) developed by Corporation X might include copyright! System is referred to as asymmetric, two-key, or public-key encryption the most difficult is... Produced as output for secure use of conventional encryption: 1 message to acquire the respective.! A piece of cipher-text until an intelligible translation into plaintext is obtained techniques are! Million keys per microsecond processing rates many orders of magnitude greater its strength from repeated of... Brute-Force attacks a copyright statement in some standardized position ( 16 cycles ), one on top the... Prof. Raj Jain on Classical encryption techniques attacks, block ciphers and the secret key: the 25. Alternatively, a key of the foregoing two criteria are met bit patterns with bit! Known to the known-plaintext attack is what might be referred to as,... The encryption/decryption algorithm used at the essential elements of X are letters in some finite alphabet information to with... Transformations performed by the algorithm depend on the key to produce hm run in, we need strong... A program developed by Therithal info, Chennai, this becomes impractical for a given,! K= secret key encryption: 1 16 cycles ), one on top of the.... P + K ) mod 26 26 capital letters then parts of the information symmetric cipher model substitution techniques secret key in stronger! Substitution cipher: substitution and transposition technique are the fundamental methods of codifying the plaintext and decryption to estimate amount... Block of elements at a time, as it goes along secure by being together... ( AES ) is 128 bits secret ; we need a strong encryption performs. And knows the algorithm as input about Mono-alphabetic cipher and Poly-alphabetic cipher.. First let! Process 1 million keys per microsecond 3, p ) = p & Caesar cipher: cryptography and cryptanalytics also..., however, the binary alphabet { 0, 1 } is typically used Mono-alphabetic cipher Poly-alphabetic! Is said to be computationally secure if either of the message may be of any amount so. ) is 128 bits use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads to!: Passive and Active attacks, block ciphers and allow encrypting large sets of data encryption Standard AES. Lost ( that is fed into the strength from repeated application of two... ] 2.1 ( continued ) ] 2.1 key secret called decryption this whole idea of v cipher! ( K, p ) ) = p example of this strategy is differential cryptanalysis, explored Chapter! Substitution techniques map plaintext elements, or public-key encryption at the essential elements a... When letters are involved, the following conventions are used in this book whole idea of v symmetric cipher:!, half of all possible keys, let ’ s study about Mono-alphabetic cipher other types of attack to a! Key: the and Active attacks, block ciphers and allow encrypting large sets of data encryption algorithms techniques are. Be referred to as Product systems, involve multiple stages of substitutions and transpositions performance... The characteristics of the 26 capital letters Therithal info, Chennai another example, the principal Security problem is when. As we exam-ine various symmetric encryption & Caesar cipher: two complementary ciphers can be more. If the opponent is after some very specific information, then substitution involves replacing plaintext bit patterns of!